Upstart Intro, Cookbook and Best Practises. Throughout this document a fixed- width font such as this will be used to. An indented block will be used to denote user input and command output. Indented lines starting with a dollar character ('$') are used to. Command output is shown by indented lines not. Indented lines starting with a hash (or .
Command output is shown by indented lines not preceded by the. That is to say, it is the first. Upstart provides the same.
This. is a very small, efficient and safe library of generic routines. It is. designed for applications that run early in the boot sequence. Reliability and safety is critically important for an. To help ensure reliability and avoid regressions, Upstart and the NIH Utility. Library both come with comprehensive test suites.
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That's all there is to it. Save yourself some time and change the default backup location instead of changing it for each backup. If you are tired of changing the location for your backups each time you do a backup. Quoting from http:// Upstart is an event-based replacement for the /sbin/init daemon which handles starting of tasks and services during boot, stopping them during shutdown and.
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See Unit Tests for further. Upstart was created due to fundamental limitations in existing systems.
To enable/disable a service in a particular runlevel, you. This is achieved by init running the scripts pointed to by the symbolic. The relative order in which init invokes these. The traditional sequential boot system was appropriate for the time it. The fact that this hack is required. In the days of colossal Unix systems with hundreds of concurrent users. Sys. V approach was perfect.
1) # vi /etc/security/user . This resource consists entirely of user submissions. If you wish to submit your own scripts, please see the instructions. Note: If you're looking for a particular script which was added to CPAN prior to 1997, you'll find it here.
If. hardware needed replacing, a system shutdown was scheduled, the shutdown. However, the world has now moved on. From an Ubuntu perspective, a. Modern Linux systems can deal with new hardware devices being added and.
The traditional Sys. V init system itself. Most service files are fairly formulaic. For example, they might: perform initial checks, such as: ensuring no other instance of a daemon is running. The most difficult and time costly operation these services perform is. The LSB specifies helper. The recognition that services often need to make use of other services.
System. V init systems. It places a. bigger responsibility on the init system itself and reduces the. The main problem with dependency- based init systems is that they. Again, this is due to.
Linux systems. For example, if a dependency- based init system wished to start say. My. SQL, it would first start all the dependent services that My. SQL. needed. This sounds perfectly reasonable. However, consider how such a system would approach the problem of. Maybe we'd like. our system to display some sort of configuration dialogue so the user. So, your choices are either: Do nothing.
Corresponds to an inability to handle this scenario. Have a daemon that hangs around polling for new hardware being. Wasteful and inefficient.
What you really want is a system that detects such asynchronous events. This can be summarised as: Upstart starts a service when its required conditions are met. The service (job configuration file) only needs to specify the. Dependency- based init systems meet a service's dependencies before.
Each service generally does this using a brute- force approach of. Note that the init system itself is not doing the heavy- lifting. This summary is worth considering carefully as the distinction between. The other problem with dependency- based init systems is that they. It was necessary to outline the limitations of the Sys.
V and. dependency- based init systems to appreciate why Upstart is special.. Upstart is revolutionary as it recognises and was designed.
It handles asynchronicity by. This too is revolutionary.
Upstart emits . When. Upstart will automatically start or stop that.
If multiple jobs have the same . To be manifest: Upstart handles.
Like the best Unix software, it does this job. It is efficient, fast, flexible and reliable.
This design is sensible and clean: the init. Therefore, any functionality which is not considered .
It makes heavy use of the. NIH Utility Library which is optimised for efficient early boot. Additionally, Upstart's design is lightweight, efficient. At its heart it is an event- based messaging system that has. Upstart is designed to. It will only start services when. Upstart is used by Ubuntu for the Ubuntu Desktop and for Ubuntu.
Server (and as a result of this, it is also used in the Ubuntu. Cloud). Why is Upstart also compelling in a server environment? Some say that boot performance is not important on servers, possibly. RAID arrays on- line is significantly longer. However, nobody. seriously wants their system to take longer than necessary to boot. Consider also the case for Cloud deployments, which of course run.
Here, boot speed is very important as it affects the time. The faster you can deploy new. It's a fact that systems and software are getting more complex. In the. old days of Unix, runlevels encompassed every major mode of operation. However, expectations have. Nowadays, we expect systems to react to problems (and maybe. Crucially. Upstart is not tied to the rigid runlevel system.
Indeed, Upstart has no. And since events are so abstract, they are highly flexible. Added to which, since. Upstart's events are dynamic, the system can be configured for a myriad. The main concepts in Upstart are . Understanding the.
A . Jobs. are defined in a Job configuration file. A Task Job is one which runs a short- running process, that is, a. For example, deleting a file could be a Task Job since the command starts. In this book Task Jobs are often referred to as tasks. A Service Job is a long- running (or daemon(3) process).
It is the. opposite of a Task Job since a Service Job might never end of its. Examples of Service Jobs are entities such as databases, webservers or. There is one other type of job which has no script sections or exec. Such abstract jobs can still be started and stopped, but will. PID). In fact, starting such a job.
Abstract jobs exist only within Upstart itself but can. See for example: The table below shows all possible Job States and the legal transitions. States are exposed to users via the status field in the. Job State Transitions.
Current. State. Goalstartstopwaitingstartingn/astartingsecuritystoppingsecuritypre- startstoppingpre- startspawnedstoppingspawnedpost- startstoppingpost- startrunningstoppingrunningstoppingpre- stop or stopping. However, you. will see the transitions if you raise the log- priority to debug or. See initctl log- priority for details. Details of states: waiting : initial state. App. Armor security policy loaded (see.
But it may have no associated PID!)pre- stop : running pre- stop section. State transitions diagram for versions of Upstart up to and including. State transitions (up to and including Upstart version 1. State transitions diagram for Upstart version 1.
State transitions (Upstart version 1. To view state transitions: Change the log- priority to debug. See Standard Environment Variables for further details. If your system job needs further variables to be set, you can use the. Session Jobs are different. They too can use env and export. Session Init that is.
However, further to that, Session Jobs can also. Job configuration files are named. Where . If a user. Logging of user jobs is planned for the next release. Upstart. To enable user jobs, the administrator must modify the D- Bus. On an Ubuntu system the. Upstart. conf. The Upstream Upstart 1.
Unlike the old. User Jobs, Session Jobs are not managed by Upstart running as PID 1 - . Session Init. Unlike when Upstart runs as PID 1, a Session Init can read its Job.
Configuration files from multiple directories. The list of. directories jobs are read from is as follows (in order): $XDG. HOME/. init/ (deprecated - supported for legacy User Jobs). For example, if a job. HOME/. config/upstart/hello/world. For example, if the following.
HOME/. init/foo. conf. HOME/. config/upstart/foo. Only the first, $HOME/.
Whereas if the. following files exist. HOME/. init/foo. conf. HOME/. config/upstart/foo. HOME/. config/upstart/foo. Upstart will first read $HOME/. HOME/. config/upstart/foo. A job does not necessarily need a stop on stanza.
If it lacks one. any running instances can still be stopped by an Administrator running. However, if such a job is not stopped, it may be stopped either by. Worst case, if. nothing else stops it, all processes will obviously be killed when the. If a job has no start on stanza, it can only be started manually by. Administrator running either of: initctl start < job> start < job> If any job instances are running at system shutdown time, Upstart will. What is the minimum content of a job configuration file?
Interestingly. enough, to be valid a job configuration file: must not be emptymust be syntactically correctmust contain at least one legal stanza. Therefore, some examples of minimal job configuration files are: Comments only. Traditionally, this job. See console log. To run a Session Init, simply arrange for the first process that starts. As when running as PID 1, the.
Session Init will emit the . All jobs that are managed by a Session Init have their parent set to. Session Init, not the system init.
This is because a Session Init. Jobs are loaded from potentially. See Session Job for details. The advent of Session Inits removes all need for User Jobs. These. continue to be supported since the Session Init still reads the job.
User Job directory, but that directory is. See Session Job for further details. As of Ubuntu Saucy Salamander (1. Session Init is used to. However, what if you want to use a Session Init on a server? This is. not fully supported right now, but can be achieved as follows. Create two. System Job similar to the following..
Hence, it is not possible for a single. XDG. That job. will start the session- initinstance job which will start the. Session Init (which will read Job Configuration Files from the. Session Init). To start a Session Init manually.
USER=james. session- init (james) start/running, process 2. Note that it is possible to specify that only certain Job Configuration. File directories are read for a Session Init by specifying the. For example. init - -user - -confdir /etc/james/ - -confdir /etc/bob/. Now, the Session Init will only read Job Configuration Files from.
Note that this behaviour is Session Init- specific: without - -user.